India’s bid to match China’s factory heft gets a reality check

India’s push to become a factory titan has hit a snag: to become a credible alternative to China for global firms, it first needs to warm up to its long-time rival.
Ties between the world’s two most populous countries had been strained since a deadly Himalayan border clash in 2020, slowing the exchange of capital, technology and talent, despite exploding demand for electric vehicles, semiconductors and artificial intelligence.
The Modi government’s heightened vetting of all Chinese investment over this period effectively had turned away billions of dollars from the likes of BYD, Great Wall Motor and had created new layers of red tape for Indian firms with Chinese stakeholders.
But now, New Delhi is looking to loosen some of these restrictions as businesses struggle to scale up manufacturing, even with a host of government subsidies designed to boost local production.
“There is a realisation that you cannot be part of any major supply chains, especially in high technology products and certain areas like solar cells or EVs, where it is not possible for you to do anything without being part of Chinese supply chains,” said Sushant Singh, lecturer at Yale University, who has also been a researcher for public policy think tanks in India.
Even businesses that have supported barriers on Chinese imports acknowledged the need for key inputs from up north.
Naveen Jindal, head of India’s largest steel firms Jindal Steel & Power and a federal lawmaker, has backed tariffs on Chinese steel but also sees the need for a pragmatic approach to trade.
He said, “A lot of steel companies import equipment and technology from China,” adding that China is the world’s largest producer of steel and “in certain areas they are very good, but not in every area.”
Now, after four years of restrictions on Chinese investments and visas, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government is looking to pivot closer to the Asian rival and breathe new life into his ambitions to “Make in India.”
“The government is considering easing investment rules that were introduced in 2020 for countries that India shares land border with as we need more investments,” an official privy to government discussions told Reuters.
New Delhi has now planned to add a clause that investments from firms with up to 10 per cent Chinese shareholding will no longer require government approval, a move that could help global companies, that have supply chain partnerships with Chinese firms, easily invest in India.
To address security concerns, the government has also planned to set up a post-investment monitoring framework driven by crime and fraud investigation agencies and the banking regulator.
The move would encourage greater Chinese investment, which analysts have called critical to India joining global supply chains in high-technology sectors such as solar cells, electronic vehicles (EVs), and battery manufacturing.
The proposed easing is still being pushed by Modi’s office with various sticking points between government ministries being ironed out, another official said.
Following industry lobbying, India had already eased visa issuance for Chinese nationals and expedited visa approvals to Chinese engineers for sectors that get federal subsidies to manufacture locally.
It had likely approved nearly 2,000 short-term visas to Chinese professionals, who accounted for most applications between November last year and July this year, another government official said.
“In the visa process, there is rationality. On the ground it has not translated yet but the mindset shift has happened,” Pankaj Mohindroo, head of the Indian Cellular and Electronics Association said.
Indian foreign minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar said this week the country is not “closed to business from China” but noted the issue was rather in which sectors and on what terms Beijing did business, without elaborating.
India’s Prime Ministers’ office, finance, trade and foreign ministries did not reply to Reuters for a comment.
After the 2020 clash with China, to lure Apple, the Indian government gave quick approvals to joint ventures between the US giant’s Chinese suppliers and Indian firms.
The move had led to the phone maker moving 14 per cent of its global iPhone assembly to India in the fiscal year 2023/24. In the same year, India’s mobile exports had increased 42pc to a record $15.6 billion.
However, even with such a shift there are doubts India’s factories were big enough to match the investment or achieve the productivity gains of their Chinese counterparts.
Indian Chief Economic Adviser V. Anantha Nageswaran said, it was inevitable India would need to plug itself into China’s supply chains.
“Whether we do so by relying solely on imports or partially through Chinese investments is a choice that India has to make,” he said in July.
A sharp decline in foreign investment into India also prompted the rethink on trade barriers.
Away from politics, Indian demand for Chinese goods remained robust, even with the targeted curbs.
Goods imports had surged 56pc since the 2020 border clash while India’s trade deficit with China had nearly doubled to $85bn. China continues to be India’s biggest source of goods and was the largest supplier of industrial products last year.
“We will be better off with some Chinese investment and technology flowing into our country without compromising national security concerns,” Mohindroo said.